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Friday, July 20, 2012

Units of time in Ancient Tamil History

Units of time in ancient Tamil history

  • 1 kuzhi(kuRRuzhi) = குழி (குற்றுழி)= 6.66 millisecond-the time taken by the Pleiades stars(aRumin) to glitter once.
  • 12(base 8) or 10 kuzhigaL= 1 miy= 66.6666 millisecond-the time taken by the young human eyes to flap once.
  • 2 kaNNimaigaL (கண்ணிமைகள்)= 1 kainodi (கைநொடி)= 0.125 second
  • 2 kainodi= 1 maatthirai (மாத்திரை) = 0.25 second
  • 6(base 8) or 6 miygaL= 1 siRRuzhi(nodi) சிற்றுழி (நொடி)= 0.40 second-the time taken for a bubble (created by blowing air through a bamboo tube into a vessel 1 saaN high, full of water) to travel a distance of one saaN (சாண்).
  • 2 maatthiraigaL= 1 kuru (குறு) = 0.50 second
  • 2(base 8) or 2 nodigaL= 1 vinaadi வினாடி = 0.80 second-the time for the adult human heart to beat once
  • 21⁄2 nodigaL= 2 kuru= 1 uyir உயிர் = 1 second
  • 5 nodigaL= 2 uyir= 1 saNigam சாணிகம் = 1/2 aNu அணு = 2 seconds
  • 12(base 8) or 10 nodigaL= 1 aNu= 4 seconds
  • 6(base 8) or 6 aNukkaL= 12 saNigam= 1 thuLi துளி = 1 naazhigai-vinaadi நாழிகை வினாடி = 24 seconds
  • 12(base 8) or 10 thuLigaL= 1 kaNam கணம் = 4 minutes
  • 6(base 8) or 6 kaNangaL= 1 naazhigai= 24 minutes
  • 12(base 8) or 10 naazhigaigaL= 4 saamam சாமம் = 1 siRupozhuthu சிறுபொழுது = 240 minutes= 4 hours
  • 6(base 8) or 6 siRu-pozhuthugaL= 1 naaL நாள் (1 day)= 24 hours
  • 7 naaTkaL= 1 kizhamai கிழமை (1 week)
  • 15 naaTkaL= 1 azhuvam அழுவம் (1 fortnight )
  • 29.5 naaTkaL= 1 thingaL திங்கள் (1 lunar month)
  • 2 thingaL= 1 perum-pozhuthu பெரும்பொழுது (1 season)
  • 6 perum-pozhuthugaL= 1 AaNdu ஆண்டு (1 year)
  • 64 aaNdugaL= 1 vattam வட்டம் (1 cycle)
  • 4096(=8^4) AaNdugaL= 1 Oozhi ஊழி (1 epoch)

Area Measurement

  • 1 Marakkal vaedaipadu (seeds required for planting rice) = 8 cents
  • 12.5 Marakkal vaedaipadu = 100 cents (one acre)

Area calculation and Measurement Chart .
  • 1 hectare = 2 acre 47 cent
  • 1 hectare = 10,000 sq.m.
  • 1 acre = 0.405 hectare
  • 1 acre = 4046.82 sq.m.
  • 1 acre = 43,560 sq.ft.
  • 1 acre = 100 cent = 4840 sq.gejam
  • 1 cent = 435.6 sq.ft.
  • 1 cent = 40.5 sq.m
  • 1 ground = 222.96 sq.m. = 5.5 cent
  • 1 ground = 2400 sq.ft.
  • 1 kuzhi = 10x10 ft. (although some say that 1 kuzhi is approximately equal to 12x12 ft. i.e., 144 sq.ft.)
  • 1 Mā = 100 kuzhi = 10000 sq.ft.
  • 1 Kāni = 4 Mā = 40000 sq.ft.
  • 1 kāni = 92 cents = 0.92 acre
  • 1 kāni = 400 kuzhi = 40000 sq.ft.
  • 1 acre = 436 kuzhi
  • 1 Veļi = 7 kāni = 6.43 acres = 2.6 hectares
  • 1 dismil =2.5 cent
  • 1 furlong = 660 feet = 220 kejam
  • 1 kilometre = 5 furlong
  • 1 link / chain = 0.66 foot = 7.92 inch
  • 1 kejam = 9.075 sq.ft.
  • 1 mile = 8 furlong
  • 1 ares = 1076 sq.ft. = 2.47 cent
  • 1 chain = 22 kejam
  • 1 furlong = 10 chain
  • 1 kejam = 0.9144 metre
  • 1 township = 36 sq.mile
  • 1 sq.mile = 640 acre
  • 1 cent = 48 kejam

Units of ancient trade

Balance weights

Gold weights

  • 4 nel edai (நல் எடை) = 1 kunRimaNi (குன்றிமணி)
  • 2 kunRimaNi (குன்றிமணி) = 1 manchaadi (மாஞ்சாடி)
  • 1 manchaadi (மாஞ்சாடி) = 1 paNavedai (பணவெடை)
  • 5 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 1 kazhanchu (கழஞ்சு)
  • 8 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 1 varaaganedai (வராகனெடை)
  • 20 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 4 kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு) = 1 kaqhsu (கஃசு)
  • 80 paNavedai (பணவெடை)= 16 kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு)= 4 kaqhsu (கஃசு)= 1 palam (பலம்)
  • 1.5 Kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு) = 8 grams or one sovereign/pawan.

Goods weights

  • 32 kunRimaNi= 1 varaaganedai
  • 10 varaaganedai= 1 palam
  • 40 palam= 1 veesai
  • 1000 palam =1 kaa
  • 6 veesai= 1 thulaam
  • 8 veesai= 1 maNangu
  • 20 maNangu= 1 paaram.

Grain volume

  • 1 kuNam= smallest unit of volume
  • 9 kuNam= 1 mummi
  • 11 mummi= 1 aNu
  • 7 aNu=1 immi
  • 7 immi= 1 uminel
  • 1 sittigai= 7 uminel
  • 360 nel= 1 sevidu
  • 5 sevidu= 1 aazhaakku
  • 2 aazhaakku= 1 uzhakku
  • 2 uzhakku= 1 uri
  • 2 uri= 1 padi
  • 8 padi= 1 marakkaal(kuRuNi)
  • 2 marakkaal(kuRuNi)= 1 padhakku
  • 2 padhakku= 1 thooNi
  • 5 marakkaal= 1 paRai
  • 80 paRai= 1 karisai
  • 96 padi= 1 kalam
  • 120 padi= 1 pothi(mootai)
  • 21 marakkal = 1 Kottai
  • 22 maakaani = 100 gms
1 padi, = 1800 avarai pods = 12,800 miLagu seeds = 14,400 nel grains = 14,800 payaRu grains = 38,000 arisi grains = 115,200 sesame seeds

Fluid volume

  • 5 sevidu= 1 aazhaakku
  • 2 mahani = 1 aazhakku (arai kal padi)
  • 2 aazhaakku= 1 uzhakku (Kal padi)
  • 2 uzhakku= 1 uri (Arai padi)
  • 2 uri= 1 padi
  • 8 padi= 1 marakkaal
  • 2 marakkaal(kuRuNi)= 1 padhakku
  • 2 padhakku= 1 thooNi
  • 21 Marakkal = 1 Kottai

Length

  • 10 koaN= 1 nuNNaNu
  • 10 nuNNaNU= 1 aNu(atom)
  • 8 aNu= 1 kathirtthugaL
  • 8 kathirtthugaL= 1 thusumbu
  • 8 thusumbu= 1 mayirnuni
  • 8 mayirnuni= 1 nuNmaNal
  • 8 nuNmaNal= 1 siRu-kadugu
  • 8 siRu-kadugu= 1 eL
  • 8 eL= 1 nel
  • 8 nel= 1 viral= 8^8 aNu(atom)= 1.9444 centimetre
  • 12 viral= 1 saaN= 100 immi= 23.3333 centimetre
  • 2 saaN= 1 muzham= 46.6666 centimetre
  • 2 muzham= 1 kajam
  • 4 muzham= 1 paagam
  • 625 paagam= 1 kaadham= 5000 saaN= 1166.66 metres= 1.167 kilometre

Likeness (Saartthal)

Likeness has attributes of tone, sound, colour and shape for comparison of a given substance with a known standard.

Whole numbers

Old Tamil numerical characters
  • 1= onRu
  • 10= patthu
  • 100= nooRu
  • 1000= aayiram
  • 10,000= pathaayiram
  • 100,000= nooRaayiram
  • 1000,000= meiyiram
  • 10^9= thoLLunn
  • 10^12= eegiyam
  • 10^15= neLai
  • 10^18= iLanji
  • 10^20= veLLam
  • 10^21= aambal
Tamil texts elaborate the following version:
  • 1 = ONDRU- one
  • 10 = PATHU- ten
  • 100 = NOORU- hundred
  • 1,000 = AAYIRAM- thousand
  • 10,000 = PATHAAYIRAM- ten thousand
  • 100,000 = LATCHAM- hundred thousand
  • 1,000,000 = PATHU LATCHAM- one million
  • 10,000,000 = KODI- ten million
  • 100,000,000 = ARPUTHAM- hundred million
  • 1,000,000,000 = NIGARPUTHAM- one billion
  • 10,000,000,000 = KUMBAM- ten billion
  • 100,000,000,000 = KANAM- hundred billion
  • 1,000,000,000,000 = KARPAM- one trillion
  • 10,000,000,000,000 = NIKARPAM- ten trillion
  • 100,000,000,000,000 = PATHUMAM- hundred trillion
  • 1,000,000,000,000,000 = SANGGAM- quadrillion
  • 10,000,000,000,000,000 = VELLAM- ten quadrillion
  • 100,000,000,000,000,000 = ANNIYAM- hundred quadrillion
  • 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 = ARTTAM- one quintillion
  • 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 = PARARTTAM- ten quintillion
  • 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 = POORIYAM- hundred quintillion
  • 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = MUKKODI- one sextillion
  • 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = MAHAYUGAM- ten sextillion

Fractions

  • 1= onRu
  • 3/4= mukkaal
  • 1/2= arai / paadhi
  • 1/4= kaal
  • 1/5= naalumaa
  • 3/16= moonRu veesam
  • 3/20= moonRumaa
  • 1/8= araikkaal
  • 1/10= irumaa
  • 1/16= maakaaNi (veesam)
  • 1/20= orumaa
  • 3/64= mukkaal veesam
  • 3/80= mukkaaN
  • 1/32= araiveesam
  • 1/40 araimaa
  • 1/64= kaal veesam
  • 1/80= kaaNi
  • 3/320= araikkaaNi munthiri
  • 1/160= araikkaaNi
  • 1/320= munthiri
  • 1/102,400= keezh munthiri
  • 1/2,150,400= immi
  • 1/23,654,400= mummi
  • 1/165,580,800= aNu
  • 1/1,490,227,200= kuNam
  • 1/7,451,136,000= pantham
  • 1/44,706,816,000= paagam
  • 1/312,947,712,000= vintham
  • 1/5,320,111,104,000= naagavintham
  • 1/74,481,555,456,000= sinthai
  • 1/1,489,631,109,120,000= kathirmunai
  • 1/59,585,244,364,800,000= kuralvaLaippidi
  • 1/3,575,114,661,888,000,000= veLLam
  • 1/357,511,466,188,800,000,000= nuNNmaNl
  • 1/2,323,824,530,227,200,000,000= thaertthugaL
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